Kamis, 08 Desember 2011

KOPERASI MEWUJUDKAN KEBERSAMAAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN: MENJAWAB TANTANGAN GLOBAL DAN REGIONALISME BARU

Membangun sistem Perekonomian Pasar yang berkeadilan sosial tidaklah cukup dengan sepenuhnya menyerahkan kepada pasar. Namun juga sangatlah tidak bijak apabila menggantungkan upaya korektif terhadap ketidakberdayaan pasar menjawab masalah ketidakadilan pasar sepenuhnya kepada Pemerintah. Koperasi sebagai suatu gerakan dunia telah membuktikan diri dalam melawan ketidakadilan pasar karena hadirnya ketidaksempurnaan pasar. Bahkan cukup banyak contoh bukti keberhasilan koperasi dalam membangun posisi tawar bersama dalam berbagai konstelasi perundingan, baik dalam tingkatan bisnis mikro hingga tingkatan kesepakatan internasional. Oleh karena itu banyak Pemerintah di dunia yang menganggap adanya persamaan tujuan negara dan tujuan koperasi sehingga dapat bekerjasama.
Meskipun demikian di negeri kita sejarah pengenalan koperasi didorong oleh keyakinan para Bapak Bangsa untuk mengantar perekonomian Bangsa Indonesia menuju pada suatu kemakmuran dalam kebersamaan dengan semboyan "makmur dalam kebersamaan dan bersama dalam kemakmuran". Kondisi obyektif yang hidup dan pengetahuan masyarakat kita hingga tiga dasawarsa setelah kemerdekaan memang memaksa kita untuk memilih menggunakan cara itu. Persoalan pengembangan koperasi di Indonesia sering dicemooh seolah sedang menegakan benang basah. Pemerintah di negara-negara berkembang memainkan peran ganda dalam pengembangan koperasi dalam fungsi"regulatory" dan "development". Tidak jarang peran ”development”  justru tidak mendewasakan koperasi.
Koperasi sejak kelahiranya disadari sebagai suatu upaya untuk menolong diri sendiri secara bersama-sama. Oleh karena itu dasar "self help and cooperation" atau "individualitet dan solidaritet" selalu disebut bersamaan sebagai dasar pendirian koperasi. Sejak akhir abad yang lalu gerakan koperasi dunia kembali memperbaharui tekadnya dengan menyatakan keharusan untuk kembali pada jati diri yang berupa nilai-nilai dan nilai etik serta prinsip-prinsip koperasi, sembari menyatakan diri sebagai badan usaha dengan pengelolaan demoktratis dan pengawasan bersama atas keanggotaan yang terbuka dan sukarela. Menghadapi milenium baru dan globalisasi kembali menegaskan pentingnya nilai etik yang harus dijunjung tinggi berupa: kejujuran, keterbukaan, tanggung jawab sosial dan kepedulian kepada pihak lain (honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others) (ICA,1995). Runtuhnya rejim sosialis Blok-Timur dan kemajuan di bagian dunia lainnya seperti Afrika telah menjadikan gerakan koperasi dunia kini praktis sudah menjangkau semua negara di dunia, sehingga telah menyatu secara utuh. Dan kini keyakinan tentang jalan koperasi itu telah menemukan bentuk gerakan global.
Koperasi Indonesia memang tidak tumbuh secemerlang sejarah koperasi di Barat dan sebagian lain tidak berhasil ditumbuhkan dengan percepatan yang beriringan dengan kepentingan program pembangunan lainnya oleh Pemerintah. Krisis ekonomi telah meninggalkan pelajaran baru, bahwa ketika Pemerintah tidak berdaya lagi dan tidak memungkinkan untuk mengembangkan intervensi melalui program yang dilewatkan koperasi justru terkuak kekuatan swadaya koperasi. 
Di bawah arus rasionalisasi subsidi dan independensi perbankan ternyata koperasi mampu menyumbang sepertiga pasar kredit mikro di tanah air yang sangat dibutuhkan masyarakat luas secara produktif dan kompetitif. Bahkan koperasi masih mampu menjangkau pelayanan kepada lebih dari 11 juta nasabah, jauh diatas kemampuan kepiawaian perbankan yang megah sekalipun. Namun demikian karakter koperasi Indonesia yang kecil-kecil dan tidak bersatu dalam suatu sistem koperasi menjadikannya tidak terlihat perannya yang begitu nyata.
Lingkungan keterbukaan dan desentralisasi memberi tantangan dan kesempatan baru membangun kekuatan swadaya koperasi yang ada menuju koperasi  yang sehat dan kokoh bersatu.
Menyambut pengeseran tatanan ekonomi dunia yang terbuka dan bersaing secara ketat, gerakan koperasi dunia telah menetapkan prinsip dasar untuk membangun tindakan bersama. Tindakan bersama tersebut terdiri dari tujuh garis perjuangan sebagai berikut :
Pertama, koperasi akan mampu berperan secara baik kepada masyarakat ketika koperasi secara benar berjalan sesuai jati dirinya sebagai suatu organisasi otonom, lembaga yang diawasi anggotanya dan bila mereka tetap berpegang pada nilai dan prinsip koperasi;
Kedua, potensi koperasi dapat diwujudkan semaksimal mungkin hanya bila kekhususan koperasi dihormati dalam peraturan perundangan;
Ketiga, koperasi dapat mencapai tujuannya bila mereka diakui keberadaannya dan aktifitasnya;
Keempat, koperasi dapat hidup seperti layaknya perusahaan lainnya bila terjadi "fair playing field";
Kelima, pemerintah harus memberikan aturan main yang jelas, tetapi koperasi dapat dan harus mengatur dirinya sendiri di dalam lingkungan mereka (self-regulation);
Keenam, koperasi adalah milik anggota dimana saham adalah modal dasar, sehingga mereka harus mengembangkan sumberdayanya dengan tidak mengancam identitas dan jatidirinya, dan;
Ketujuhbantuan pengembangan dapat berarti penting bagi pertumbuhan koperasi, namun akan lebih efektif bila dipandang sebagai kemitraan dengan menjunjung tinggi hakekat koperasi dan diselenggarakan dalam kerangka jaringan.
Bagi koperasi Indonesia membangun kesejahteraan dalam kebersamaan telah cukup memiliki kekuatan dasar kekuatan gerakan. Daerah otonom harus menjadi basis penyatuan kekuatan koperasi untuk menjaga keseimbangan antara kebutuhan lokal dan arus pengaliran surplus dari bawah. Ada baiknya koperasi Indoensia melihat kembali hasil kongres 1947 untuk melihat basis penguatan koperasi pada tiga pilar kredit, produksi dan konsumsi (Adakah keberanian melakukan restrukturisasi koperasi oleh gerakan koperasi sendiri?)   
Dengan mengembalikan koperasi pada fungsinya (sebagai gerakan ekonomi) atas prinsip dan nilai dasarnya, koperasi akan semakin mampu menampilkan wajah yang sesungguhnya menuju keadaan "bersama dalam kesejahteraan" dan "sejahtera dalam kebersamaan”.

Selasa, 11 Oktober 2011

HAMBATAN USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH DALAM KEGIATAN 
EKSPOR*)
Abstract
  
  
This research aim to know performance UKM in export activity and resistor SMEs  factors in
export activity. This research is executed by using survey method in 7 province, that is North
Sumatera, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali, and South Sulawesi. Research
object used in this activity are SMEs doing its business activity at product export. Withdrawal
sample conducted by purposive sampling of pursuant to potential product type developed in each
location. Result of research indicate that : 1) Contribution SMEs in export activity, what is
convergent at product of crafting and artistic goods, garment, and also the food and beverage,
still relative lower compared to the big entity with ratio 1:4; 2) Resistor SMEs factors successively
in export activity from heavy to light degree at the following : (a) access to productive resources
are marketing and defrayal, business network, and technological; (b) the specification of product
are design, tidiness, colour, and form; (c) the capacities of production are capital availability,
machines/equipments availability and technological ownership, raw material availability, and the
skillful labour availability; (d) the document equipment are certification of product, letter of credit,
and the fundamental number of taxpayer; (e) expense of export activities are invisible/dark cost
component, transportation and permit, and also risk/warrantly of product according to order.


Sumber : http://ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/k_5.pdf
INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA TEACHING OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM (AIS) CYCLES: STUDENT PERCEPTIONS AND
VIEWS
WORKING PAPER No. 2003-006
Trevor Stanley
School of Accountancy
Queensland University of Technology
Australia
Pam Edwards
Office of Higher Education
Queensland Department of Education
Australia
Please address all further enquiries to:
Trevor Stanley
Queensland University of Technology
School of Accountancy
George St
BRISBANE Q 4000
Australia
Phone: 61 7 3864 5291
Fax: 61 7 3864 1812
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Teaching and Learning Large Grant.

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA TEACHING OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM (AIS) CYCLES: STUDENT PERCEPTIONS AND
VIEWS
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the design and development of a CD ROM intended to assist students’ learning by bringing a sense of reality to the concepts studied in relation to Accounting Information Systems cycles. The educational design is underpinned by constructivist theories of learning which espouse the benefits of experiential learning in facilitating effective student learning. Three Australian companies - Warner Brothers Movie World, Golden Circle and Zupps Parts – are featured on the CD ROM to provide virtual ‘experiential learning experiences’ for students. An extensive evaluation of the CD ROM was conducted, involving both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, to ascertain students’ perceived value of the CD ROM to assist their learning. Results indicate that the CD ROM offered students a real life understanding of applicable concepts and that students were receptive to learning in online environments which are appropriately designed and constructed.
Key Words:  Accounting Education, Technology in Education, Accounting CD ROM, Multimedia, Experiential learning
Finally, ascertaining the views of employers and/or business groups with respect to the effectiveness of the CD ROM in developing students’ employability skills and enhancing learning outcomes, in particular developing understanding of key accounting concepts, would be useful given the increased focus on employability skills in Australian higher education.
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INTANGIBLE ASSETS Measurement, Drivers, Usefulness
Working paper #2003-05 By
Feng Gu and Baruch Lev*
Boston University School of Management
Accounting
595 Commonwealth Avenue
Boston, MA 02215
Phone: (617) 353-4985
Fax: (617) 353-6667
* The authors are at Boston University and New York University, respectively. We are grateful to participants at the 4th Intangibles Conference and the 2002 American Accounting Association annual meeting and workshop participants at Osaka University for their helpful suggestions and comments. Feng Gu acknowledges the financial support provided by Boston University, School of Management. Baruch Lev retains exclusive rights to the measures described in this paper, and has a patent pending for them. The measures should not be used or reproduced without a written permission from the author.


Abstract
The measurement and valuation of intangible assets are a matter of considerable interest to managers, investors, and accounting-standard setters. Important decisions concerning intangibles are hampered by the lack of systematic and comparable measures for these increasingly important assets. In this study, we provide an approach to estimating the value of intangible assets that are not recorded on the firm’s balance sheet. The methodology is based on the economic notion of “production function,” where the firm’s economic performance is stipulated to be generated by physical, financial, and intangible assets. We estimate the contribution of intangible assets by subtracting the normal returns on physical and financial assets from an earnings-based economic performance measure. Capitalizing the expected value of this contribution over future years yields an estimate of intangible capital.
We find compelling evidence that our approach provides economically meaningful estimates of intangible assets. Our results indicate that investments in R&D, advertising, brands, information technology, and human resource practices are important drivers of intangible capital, and in turn corporate value. We find that intangibles measures provide more value-relevant information than conventional performance measures, such as earnings and cash flows. Furthermore, the approach is shown to be useful to investors seeking information on future performance of valuable intangibles. We document extensive evidence that the intangibles-based measures can effectively distinguish between overvalued and undervalued stocks.
We believe the intangibles measures described here can add an essential, and hitherto missing, valuation tool for managers and investors concerned with intangible assets. The results on the value drivers of intangible can also be potentially useful to regulators in identifying candidate disclosure items to be considered in their effort to improve disclosure on intangibles.
Keywords:                 Intangibles, measurement, drivers, usefulness.
Data Availability:     Data are available from sources identified in the text.


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